Question

Several early psychologists argued that the science of psychology should focus on understanding behaviors that could be directly observed rather than studying unseen mental phenomena. These included all but which individual?

a) Sigmund Freud
b) John Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud is the one not associated with the behaviorist focus on observable behaviors; he emphasized the study of the unconscious mind in his psychoanalytic theory.

Step-by-step explanation:

The belief that psychology should focus on directly :

The individual not associated with the belief that psychology should focus on directly observable behaviors rather than studying unseen mental processes is a) Sigmund Freud. The early field of behaviorism was characterized by a focus on observable behaviors and not on internal thought processes. John B. Watson is recognized as a foundational figure in behaviorism, believing that the study of mental processes was not scientifically viable and preferring to study observable behavior. B.F. Skinner is known for his work with operant conditioning, also emphasizing externally observable behaviors and the effects of reinforcement and punishment.

Ivan Pavlov introduced classical conditioning, a form of behavior learning. In stark contrast to these behaviorists, Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory, which placed significant emphasis on internal mental phenomena such as the unconscious mind.