Final answer:
The answer to the question is b) Prejudice, which refers to negative attitudes directed toward individuals based on their group membership and often arises from stereotyping and can lead to discrimination.
Step-by-step explanation:
Problematic negative attitudes that encompass an entire group of people, such as stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, contribute significantly to the development of adverse social dynamics. The correct answer to the question posed is b) Prejudice. Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group. Such an attitude can develop from broadly held stereotypes, which are oversimplified generalizations about the groups.
When prejudice motivates our actions, it can lead to discrimination, which is a negative behavior directed against individuals because of their group membership, as seen in historical examples like racial segregation or gender inequality in education.
In-group favoritism is related but distinct, referring to a preference for our own group over others, rather than hostility toward others. However, both prejudice and in-group favoritism can contribute to discriminatory behavior if unexamined and unchecked. Education and positive contact with diverse groups can mitigate prejudice and the negative effects it has on society.