Final answer:
Cognitive psychology is the field that focuses on mental processes such as memory, language, and decision making, emphasizing human thinking and cognitive processes. Option b) is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The modern approach to psychology that focuses on explaining mental processes like memory, language, and decision making is b) Cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is devoted to the study of human thinking and understanding cognitive processes. It emerged significantly during the cognitive revolution in the 1950s, which shifted psychology's focus back to mental processes, aided by advances in neuroscience and computer science.
Cognitive psychologists explore various mental aspects, including how we think, organize information, solve problems, and use language. Cognitive science is often used to describe this broad and interdisciplinary area of research.