Final answer:
Without context on Adam's moral reasoning, we can't determine his moral development stage. Kohlberg's levels—preconventional, conventional, postconventional—are defined by self-interest, societal norms, and abstract ethical principles, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines three distinct levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In addressing the question about Adam's stage of moral reasoning without additional context about Adam's reasoning or actions, we cannot definitively place him at a specific level. However, an explanation of each level can help clarify the stages.
The preconventional level is where morality is driven by self-interest and avoiding punishment or gaining rewards. Typically, children under the age of 9 operate at this level. The conventional level occurs usually during early adolescence, where individuals start to value the norms and rules of society and aim to earn approval by upholding these standards. The postconventional level, seldomly fully achieved, involves more abstract thinking about universal ethical principles and the recognition that laws and morality may not always align, as illustrated by mature responses to moral dilemmas and societal challenges.
To answer question 3 from the provided information, the conventional level (c) is where children begin to consider what society deems moral and immoral. Conventional morality is not about abstract thoughts nor solely about pain and pleasure, and while parental beliefs may have some influence, the focus at this stage is on societal norms.
Without specific information about Adam's moral reasoning, it is impossible to categorize him within Kohlberg's levels of moral development. Understanding the characteristics of each level can enable a more informed guess regarding Adam's moral reasoning stage based on his actions and thought processes.