Final answer:
The non-common factor among those contributing to positive psychotherapy outcomes is specific therapeutic techniques. Factors like the therapeutic alliance, client motivation, and emotional processing are more universally accepted as essential for success in therapy. c) Specific therapeutic techniques.
Step-by-step explanation:
The direct answer to the given question is: c) Specific therapeutic techniques.
Research on effective psychotherapy has shown that some key factors contribute to positive therapy outcomes. These include a strong therapeutic alliance, where there is a collaborative and trusting relationship between a client and therapist. Client motivation is also crucial, as it propels clients to engage actively and persistently in the therapeutic process. Emotional processing, where clients work through and understand their emotions, is another essential element. However, while specific therapeutic techniques, such as cognitive-behavior therapy or client-centered therapy, are interventions used by therapists, they are not identified as universal common factors that ensure positive outcomes across all types of psychotherapy. These techniques are numerous and vary widely; their effectiveness may depend on other factors such as the therapist's skill and the client's issue being addressed. Instead, factors that are consistent across various forms of therapy—such as the therapeutic alliance, client motivation, and emotional processing—are more universally recognized as influencing successful therapy outcomes.