Final answer:
In classical conditioning, organisms associate events that happen together. In operant conditioning, organisms associate behavior and its consequences. In observational learning, individuals learn by observing others. the correct option is a) Classical Conditioning .
Step-by-step explanation:
In classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, organisms learn to associate events-or stimuli-that repeatedly happen together. For example, you might see a flash of lightning in the sky during a storm and then hear a loud boom of thunder. The sound of the thunder naturally makes you jump.
In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence. A pleasant consequence encourages more of that behavior in the future, whereas a punishment deters the behavior. For example, if you are teaching your dog to sit, you can reward him with a treat when he sits, which will make him more likely to sit in the future.
Observational learning is the third type of learning, where individuals learn by observing others. This type of learning does not involve direct associations between stimuli and responses.