Final answer:
Galileo Galilei is the historical figure who invented the telescope and emphasized experimentation over authority, significantly advancing the field of astronomy and physics. Thus, correct option is d.
Step-by-step explanation:
The physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who invented the telescope and led a movement that would eventually replace authority with experimentation is Galileo Galilei (d). Galileo's most notable achievement was his use of the telescope, which he began in 1610, to observe celestial bodies and gather more light than the human eye could unaided. This led to revolutionary ideas about the nature of the planets and the position of Earth.
His discoveries included the moons orbiting Jupiter and revelations about the phases of Venus and the nature of the Milky Way. Despite facing trial by the Inquisition and spending his final years under house arrest, Galileo laid the groundwork for modern experimentation in physics and is credited as the father of telescopic astronomy. His work, although initially suppressed, was later verified and accepted by both church and scientific communities.