Final answer:
Racism, as discussed in the Lee and Hall (1994) article, includes bias and prejudice against a particular race, involving both prejudiced thoughts and discriminatory actions. It is demonstrated through stereotypes, systemic inequities, and discriminatory practices like redlining, racial profiling, and colorism.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the Lee and Hall (1994) article "Being Asian in North America," racism primarily includes bias and prejudice against a particular race. This encompasses both prejudiced thinking (prejudice) and the subsequent prejudiced actions (discrimination) against individuals based on their racial group membership. Racism is a multifaceted issue that affects various ethnic and racial groups through stereotypes and systemic inequalities.
Racial bias often manifests in stereotypes of different racial or ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans being perceived as cold, sly, and intelligent, or Latinos as cold and unintelligent. These stereotypes contribute to a broader culture of underlying racial bias and discriminatory practices, such as redlining and biased hiring practices, which have historical roots such as the Jim Crow laws and explicit 'No Irish Need Apply' signs.
Discrimination can take many forms beyond just employment or housing, including racial profiling and the segregation of students in educational settings. Systemic racism, or institutional racism, is the entrenched disadvantage of racial minority groups through unfair systems and structures. Colorism further compounds racial discrimination, with intra-racial biases based on skin tone, where darker-skinned individuals may encounter more discrimination than their lighter-skinned counterparts within the same racial group.