Final answer:
D) Diplomatic negotiations.
The rival claims to Jerusalem have extended decision-making, particularly in the realm of Diplomatic negotiations, when Israel declared Jerusalem its capital, which the international community largely did not recognize.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of when the rival claims to Jerusalem made decision-making longer is D) Diplomatic negotiations. The complexity of Jerusalem's status, fueled by the historical, religious, and political claims, has frequently complicated diplomatic relationships and negotiations. For instance, after Israel passed the Jerusalem Law in 1980, proclaiming Jerusalem as its capital, the international community largely did not recognize this claim, with the United Nations rejecting Israel's assertion over greater Jerusalem, and most embassies remaining in Tel Aviv. This illustrates a situation where the conflicting claims over Jerusalem extended the process of diplomatic decision-making, as nations grappled with how to address Israel's unilateral move while maintaining international standards and bilateral relationships.
Considering historical contexts, ancient city-states and empires often engaged in diplomatic maneuvers, such as marriage alliances, to avoid war and foster peaceful territorial expansion, as seen in attempts by the Hittite king to unite with the Egyptian royal family. In contrast, military uses of force and conquest were also standard methods for territorial acquisition and were a common approach to resolving disputes when diplomacy failed, as in the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453.