Question

Which are the eight hallmarks of malignant transformation?

A) Proliferation signaling, evading growth suppression, replicative immortality, and angiogenesis.
B) Resisting cell death, genome instability, enabling replicative immortality, and activating invasion.
C) Sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, and enabling replicative immortality.
D) Inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion, enabling replicative immortality, and evading growth suppressors.

Answer 1

The eight hallmarks of malignant transformation are inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion, enabling replicative immortality, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, genome instability, sustaining proliferative signaling, and evasion of immune destruction.

Step-by-step explanation:

The eight hallmarks of malignant transformation are:

1. Inducing angiogenesis: The acquisition of sustained angiogenesis, allowing the tumor to grow beyond the limitations of passive nutrient diffusion.
2. Activating invasion: The ability of cancer cells to invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant sites.
3. Enabling replicative immortality: The loss of capacity for senescence, leading to limitless replicative potential.
4. Evading growth suppressors: The resistance to anti-growth signals and the loss of sensitivity to growth suppressors.
5. Resisting cell death: The ability of cancer cells to escape programmed cell death (apoptosis).
6. Genome instability: The accumulation of DNA mutations that lead to genomic instability.
7. Sustaining proliferative signaling: The acquisition of self-sufficiency in growth signals, leading to unchecked growth.
8. Evasion of immune destruction: The ability of cancer cells to evade the immune system's detection and destruction.