Final answer:
Addressing and refuting counterclaims are essential in crafting a persuasive and credible argument. Authors must use the opposition's language to highlight weaknesses and bring in evidence from various credible sources to enrich their arguments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Addressing counterclaims demonstrates an understanding of different perspectives and enhances the credibility of the author's argument. By carefully incorporating opposing viewpoints, as Evans does with Desmond's main points, an author shows thorough consideration of all sides before forming a conclusion.
It's critical to refute the counterclaims by identifying weaknesses in the opposition's argument, indicating a deep reading and analysis of the content. Effective refutation isn't just pointing out flaws but also using the opposition's language to strengthen the author's position. As seen with Johnson's linkage to the founders' vision, the challenge is to make the interpretation of 'our reality' convincing to readers.
Citing works, such as those by Daniel Walker Howe or pulling from various sources like the Antifederalist Papers, supports the argument and adds layers of understanding. Biographical elements can serve as evidence of ethos, as Smith uses his background to establish credibility.