Final answer:
Dr. Arkin's theory, which explains emotions as resulting from bodily changes, is a Physiological theory. This aligns with the James-Lange theory which states emotions come from physiological responses. In contrast, other theories like the Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, and cognitive theories offer different perspectives on the emotional experience.
Step-by-step explanation:
Dr. Arkin's theory, which focuses on how emotions result from changes in the body, would be considered a c) Physiological theory. Emotions are complex experiences, and there have been several theories developed to explain them. The James-Lange theory of emotion is one such example, proposing that emotions arise from physiological arousal. For instance, encountering a venomous snake triggers the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate and respiration, which James-Lange theorists would argue is then interpreted as fear. Therefore, this theory emphasizes that different patterns of physiological arousal are associated with different emotions.
In contrast, the Cannon-Bard theory claims that emotional experience and physiological arousal happen simultaneously but independently, while the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory combines physiological arousal with cognitive labeling within context to result in an emotional experience. The cognitive theories, such as appraisal theory and cognitive-mediational theory, focus on how thoughts and appraisals precede and influence emotional experiences. Some modern theories, like Barrett's constructivist theory, posit that emotions are constructed from our experiences and predictions about physiological states. Ultimately, our understanding of emotions incorporates a blend of physiological, cognitive, and subjective factors, with various theories putting different weighted emphasis on each component.