Final answer:
Hunger is regulated by peripheral cues stemming from sensory organs that detect hunger and fullness, while central cues come from the brain's regulatory centers. Both types of cues integrate through neural and hormonal signals, transmitting information through the medulla to maintain energy balance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Peripheral cues for hunger originate from sensory organs such as the stomach, intestines, and other parts of the digestive system, which send signals of emptiness or fullness to the brain. These sensory cues can be influenced by several physiological factors, including the mechanical contractions of an empty stomach and the levels of glucose in the blood. On the other side, central cues for hunger come from the regulatory centers in the brain, specifically the hypothalamus, which is responsible for the sensation of hunger and satiety. The brain controls these sensations through a complex network of neural and hormonal responses, which are triggered by both internal biochemical signals and external sensory input such as the sight or smell of food.
Both humoral and hormonal stimuli play crucial roles. Humoral stimuli relate to extracellular fluid-related stimuli, whereas hormonal stimuli involve hormones that can stimulate the release of other hormones. These stimuli together aid in regulating hunger and ultimately influence feeding behavior. Signals from both peripheral and central origins are transmitted through the medulla, and this coordination ensures that the body maintains energy balance and regulates appetite accordingly.