Final answer:
The described scenario aligns with the James-Lange theory of emotion which states that emotions arise from physiological reactions such as a pounding heart, and these physiological responses precede the emotional experience of fear.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement you read, "If you see a bear, you are frightened because your heart is pounding, rather than your heart is pounding because you are frightened," describes the James-Lange theory of emotion. This theory posits that emotions exist as a result of physiological arousal. When you encounter a threat, such as a snake, the resultant physiological response, like a racing heart or fast breathing, leads to the subjective experience of emotion, such as fear. The theory implies that each emotional experience is associated with a unique physiological pattern.
Other emotion theories provide different perspectives. For example, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experiences occur simultaneously but independently, while the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion posits that emotion is the result of both physiological arousal and a cognitive label applied to this arousal within the context of the situation.
Therefore, based on the statement provided, the correct answer would be: b) James-Lange theory of emotion.