Final answer:
The rules which lead to a consistent solution when followed correctly are called algorithms, characterized by specific, exact instructions. Heuristics are mental shortcuts used for solving problems when an exact solution is not needed.
Step-by-step explanation:
The rules which lead to a solution if followed correctly are called algorithms. An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions that must be followed exactly to achieve the correct result. In contrast, a heuristic is another type of problem-solving technique, often referred to as a mental shortcut or 'rule of thumb' that provides a general problem-solving framework. Heuristics are more flexible than algorithms and are useful for finding a satisfactory solution where an exact answer is not needed or is impossible to ascertain.
Example of heuristic use:
People often use heuristics to solve complex problems when they rely on rules of thumb to guide them. However, heuristics can sometimes lead to errors in judgment or decision-making, such as the availability heuristic or anchoring bias.