Final answer:
The process of retrieving previously learned information without external cues is called recall, which is distinct from recognition that requires cues for identification. Recall involves accessing information from memory on one's own, as in an essay test.
Step-by-step explanation:
The retrieval of previously learned information without the assistance of external cues is called recall. This is the process you use when you remember information entirely on your own, such as during an essay test where you can access information from your memory without any prompts. On the other hand, recognition refers to identifying information you have previously learned when you encounter it again, often in response to a cue, like when you recognize the right answer in a multiple-choice test. Another important concept is encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. The correct answer to the question is recall, as it directly relates to retrieving information without cues.
Here's a final clarification: retrieval, encoding, and storage are the three functions of memory. Recall is a type of retrieval, and it differs from recognition, which requires some form of prompt or cue that aids in the retrieval process.