Final answer:
The student is experiencing classical conditioning when they associate a particular perfume with thoughts of their grandmother Grace.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is b. Classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus and elicits a response. In this case, the particular perfume is the neutral stimulus, while the memory of the student's grandmother is the naturally occurring stimulus. Over time, the student has formed an association between the perfume and the memory of their grandmother, so whenever they smell the perfume, it triggers thoughts of their grandmother Grace.
For example, if the student's grandmother always wore that particular perfume, then the smell of the perfume became associated with their grandmother's presence and the memories associated with her. As a result, smelling the perfume now triggers the memories and emotions associated with their grandmother.