Final answer:
Reinforcement is the basic tool for controlling learning, vital in the operant conditioning process, which strengthens behavior by its consequences.
Step-by-step explanation:
Tools for Controlling Learning
The tools available to control learning include the concepts of acquisition, cognitive modeling, generalization, and reinforcement. Acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning when a response is first established. Cognitive modeling involves observational learning, where an individual learns by watching others and imitating their actions; this process is outlined by steps such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, as described by Bandura. Generalization occurs when a conditioned response starts to be triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. Reinforcement, a key factor in operant conditioning, involves either the presentation or removal of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
The final answer to the question is reinforcement (d), which is when an individual's behavior is strengthened by the outcome that follows the behavior. It is a basic tool for controlling learning, especially in operant conditioning, where behaviors are influenced by the consequences they produce.