Final answer:
The correct option is a. continuous reinforcement.
Elaine is rewarded for each math problem she solves correctly with a gold star, which exemplifies continuous reinforcement, a form of positive reinforcement where the desired behavior is rewarded every time it is displayed.
Step-by-step explanation:
Elaine receiving a gold star for every math problem she correctly completes is an example of continuous reinforcement. This type of reinforcement schedule is used to establish a new behavior by rewarding the desired behavior every single time it occurs. In Elaine's case, a gold star functions as a positive reinforcer because it is a reward that is added to encourage the continuation of the behavior, which in this context is the correct completion of math problems.
This method of teaching or learning is highly effective, as it allows the learner to make a clear association between the specific behavior and the reward. Behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner highlighted the efficacy of such reinforcement in his operant conditioning theory, which can be utilized in various environments, including educational settings, to enhance learning and performance.