Final answer:
Folic acid supplementation is essential for pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly. While most nutrient needs can be met through diet, the recommended 400 µg/day of folate might require supplements or fortified foods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Most pregnant women can meet their daily nutritional requirements through a balanced diet. However, when it comes to folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, additional supplementation is often recommended. The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine advises that all women who might become pregnant consume at least 400 µg/day of folate from supplements or fortified foods. This is because folic acid plays a crucial role in the early stages of pregnancy, particularly in the healthy development of the neural tube, which forms the embryonic brain and spinal cord.
A deficiency in maternal folic acid can lead to serious neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, where the spinal column doesn't close completely, or anencephaly, which is characterized by an absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. Therefore, to reduce the risk of such birth defects, a sufficient intake of folic acid is essential. It is commonly found in leafy green vegetables, whole wheat, fruits, nuts, and legumes, but since the body's requirements during pregnancy increase, supplements or fortified foods may become necessary.
Additionally, other vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids are critical to a pregnant woman's diet. These nutrients help ensure the well-being and proper development of the fetus, along with providing health benefits to the mother.