Final answer:
The War of the Roses was a conflict between the York and Lancaster houses for the English throne (option a) , ending with Henry Tudor's victory and the establishment of the Tudor dynasty. It represented the end of medieval England and had significant historical consequences, impacting politics, law, and social dynamics.
Step-by-step explanation:
The War of the Roses, which took place from 1455 to 1485, was indeed a conflict between the houses of York and Lancaster vying for control of the English throne. This internal struggle was emblematic of the political instability that followed the Hundred Years' War. With the ascension of Henry Tudor (Henry VII) to the throne after his victory in 1485, he instituted a royal council that diminished the influence of the English aristocracy and Parliament, emphasizing middle-class men in government affairs. His use of the Star Chamber further undercut traditional English common law, and he marked his reign with diplomacy over military conflicts. Henry VII's efforts laid the foundation for the Tudor dynasty, shifting the political power to a strong monarchy and marking the end of medieval England. The repercussions of these changes were profound, influencing the politics, social dynamics, and English common law for generations.
While the War of the Roses had no direct impact on overseas exploration during Henry VII's reign, it is noteworthy that John Cabot's voyages occurred at this time and claimed Newfoundland for England, which eventually contributed to England's colonial ambitions. However, the periods of political and religious crises in England during the 16th century initially dampened the impulse for further colonization.