Final answer:
James Watson and Francis Crick, with the vital X-ray diffraction data from Rosalind Franklin, discovered the structure of DNA; Fred Sanger developed DNA sequencing techniques; Carl Woese used ribosomal RNA to reveal a new domain of life, Archaea; and the NIH Consortium encompasses various research initiatives in genetics and biotechnology.
Step-by-step explanation:
The researchers and companies mentioned played significant roles in the field of genetics and biotechnology. James Watson and Francis Crick worked together in the 1950s at the University of Cambridge, England, to discover the structure of DNA. They used X-ray diffraction data, notably from Rosalind Franklin, and were later awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 along with Maurice Wilkins. Unfortunately, Rosalind Franklin, whose contributions were crucial, had passed away by then and was not recognized by the Nobel committee due to their policy against posthumous awards.
Fred Sanger is known for developing the Sanger sequencing method, which enabled the sequencing of DNA for the first time. While not mentioned in the given information, it's important to note his significant contributions to understanding the exact sequence of nucleotides in a DNA strand.
Carl Woese is recognized for his work in microbiology where he used ribosomal RNA to reveal that there is a third domain of life known as Archaea, forever changing the way we categorize living organisms.
The NIH Consortium, while not a single person or company, refers to the National Institutes of Health and the collaborative efforts undertaken by various researchers and institutions often associated with the Human Genome Project and other large scale biological research initiatives.