Final answer:
The best option for Stony Brook University to adopt in its water treatment program to prevent the loss of students to typhoid would be Filtration and Chlorination. These methods are effective in removing pathogens and disinfecting the water while keeping environmental safety in mind.
Step-by-step explanation:
If Stony Brook University is looking to reduce the loss of students due to typhoid, it should adopt a comprehensive water treatment program that ensures the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. The correct choice from the options provided would be Filtration and Chlorination.
Filtration is a process where water is passed through a filter, often sand, to remove particulate matter. Chlorination is an effective method to disinfect water by killing harmful bacteria and pathogens. However, the chlorine levels must be monitored and neutralized after disinfection to protect marine organisms. Neither adding alcohol to adjust pH nor boiling and adding nitrates are appropriate measures for a large-scale water treatment program intended to combat pathogens like those causing typhoid.
Moreover, enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) can be included as part of the tertiary treatment to manage nutrient levels in wastewater, thus preventing issues such as eutrophication.