Final answer:
Historical grievances intensify conflicts where regional and nationalist loyalties compete by fueling a sense of injustice and desire for autonomy or recognition, challenging state unity.The correct option is b.
Step-by-step explanation:
In situations where regional loyalty and nationalist loyalty compete, historical grievances tend to intensify the conflict. When people feel that their ethnic, religious, or linguistic identity has been marginalized or oppressed historically, these grievances can lead to a sense of injustice that fuels the desire for greater autonomy or recognition. Conflicts in regions such as Northern Ireland, former Yugoslavia, and current movements for devolution in Scotland and the Basque region, demonstrate how these historical grievances can act as centrifugal forces, challenging the unity of a state and propelling nationalist movements.