Final answer:
In the context of business or engineering analysis, recommendation, model application, and model development are all essential components of the analysis process, so the correct answer is that all options given are included.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the components included in an analysis process, which may refer to a business or engineering context. Specifically, the options given are a) Recommendation, b) Model application, c) Model development, and the question is asking which one of these is not included as a component in the process.
Within many analytical processes, particularly in business and systems engineering, all of the options listed are indeed components of the process. Recommendations are often formulated based on the findings of the analysis; model application is the stage where the developed models are used, and model development is the creation of these models themselves.