Final answer:
The theme including both the public and private sectors is 'Government responsibility', highlighting the government's role in fostering innovation and providing public goods where the private sector may not invest due to various market failures.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theme that includes both the public and private sectors is Government responsibility. This theme encompasses how governments can play a vital role in supporting and encouraging innovation, especially when the private sector may underinvest in technologies due to various factors such as high risk, long-term payoffs, and the presence of positive externalities that are not captured by private investors. Public goods, such as infrastructure and environmental protection, are typically provided by the government as markets may fail to deliver these efficiently due to their non-excludable and non-rivalrous nature.
Governments can encourage innovation through funding, policy-making, and creating incentives for private sector involvement. For instance, the history of engineering projects, like the development of clean water supplies and sanitation systems, illustrates the necessity of government intervention for large-scale initiatives that require substantial investments beyond the scope of private entities. Furthermore, addressing global challenges such as sustainability and environmental regulation often necessitates collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors, guided by governmental policies and institutions.