Final answer:
During the Renaissance, the economic system of mercantilism (option B) was established, characterized by wealth accumulation through trade and precious metals. This contrasted with feudalism, which was based on hereditary land ownership and serfdom. Mercantilism led to increased power for the merchant class and the state, while the system that allows for the most social mobility is meritocracy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The new economic system being established during the Renaissance was mercantilism. This system emerged as feudalism waned and featured the accumulation of wealth, particularly in the form of precious metals like gold and silver, used as currency. Mercantilism facilitated the monarch's and the nation's power by increasing wealth, largely through trade and capital accumulation. With the rise of mercantile wealth, especially in cities like those in Northern and Central Italy, the power and influence of the merchant class grew, eventually adapting the feudal aristocratic model to their financial purposes.
The system that allows for the most social mobility is meritocracy, as it is based on individual merit, capability, and effort, rather than hereditary privileges or rigid social structures. By contrast, a caste system offers virtually no mobility, and monarchy typically involves power concentrations in royal families. Class systems allow some mobility, but meritocracy specifically rewards individual achievement.