Final answer:
Marlow references the Roman conquest of England in 'Heart of Darkness' to create a historical context for the theme of colonialism, foreshadowing the exploration of European imperialism in Africa.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Marlow refers to the Roman conquest of England before he begins his tale to draw a parallel with his story of colonialism in Africa. This reference serves as a historical example of colonialism and imperialism, foreshadowing the impending discussion on the European exploitation and dehumanization of Africa and its people. The correct answer to the student's question is B. History, Colonialism. The Roman conquest is used to provide a historical context for the European colonization occurring within the narrative, offering insight into the long-standing tradition of stronger powers dominating less powerful regions or peoples.
The reference to Roman conquest also introduces the novella's exploration of the darkness found within the human soul, as well as the darkness associated with the unknown and uncivilized world, according to European standards of the time. Conrad's work importantly critiques the corrupting influence of European colonialism and shines a light on the atrocities committed in the Congo.