Final answer:
Friction loss leads to lower water pressure at the nozzle, which is a product of energy conversion from the water's motion to heat due to friction (d). The Bernoulli effect further explains how faster water speed decreases pressure but maintains sufficient kinetic energy for the water to exit the nozzle.
Step-by-step explanation:
Friction loss is caused by the resistance that occurs when water flows through a hose or a pipe. This resistance results in a loss of energy which manifests as a decrease in water pressure. Therefore, friction loss typically leads to a lower water pressure at the nozzle as opposed to the pump, because the energy that was initially driving the water forward is consumed to overcome the friction within the hose. This is consistent with energy conservation principles, where the energy lost due to friction is transformed into thermal energy (heat) and cannot be used for moving the water.
According to the Bernoulli effect, when the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. Thus, as water flows through a narrowing hose nozzle, its speed increases, resulting in a lower water pressure inside the nozzle as compared to the atmospheric pressure. However, the kinetic energy of the moving water is sufficient to allow the water to emerge from the nozzle against the atmospheric pressure outside the hose.