Final answer:
The incorrect statement about child and adolescent groups is that 'parental influence surpasses peer influence in adolescence.' Peer influence does increase significantly during adolescence, but parental influence remains considerable and continues to affect the individual's development. The answer is option D.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement regarding child and adolescent groups that is NOT true is d) Parental influence surpasses peer influence in adolescence. While peer groups do become more influential during adolescence as individuals seek to establish an identity separate from their parents, it is not accurate to say that parental influence is surpassed entirely by peer influence.
There is a complex balance between the two, where peers greatly influence the individual, but strong parental relationships are still associated with numerous positive outcomes for the adolescent. Cliques and identity-based groups are common among adolescents, and the membership of cliques can be rather rigid as they often encompass strict social dynamics.