Final answer:
The correct answer is option b) Active participation and doing.
Step-by-step explanation:
The enactive mode of learning, as proposed by Jerome Bruner, suggests that people learn best through active participation and doing, which refers to the direct interaction with the environment and manipulation of objects to form understanding. This mode emphasizes the importance of a learner's engagement and action in the learning process, rather than mere observation, direct instruction, or conceptual analysis.
In contrast, observational learning, also known as modeling, is a concept largely developed by Albert Bandura and involves learning behaviors by watching and imitating others. Bandura identified different types of models, such as live, verbal, and symbolic, which can influence the observer. This type of learning involves a process that includes attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. It is not limited only to copying but involves complex cognitive processes. Observational learning also shows that learning can occur without direct action or reinforcement.
Informal education, on the other hand, often involves learning through observation and interaction within social contexts, without a structured, formal learning environment. Bandura's research on observational learning and Bruner's enactive mode of learning both highlight the varied ways in which individuals can acquire new information and skills.