Final answer:
The ability to apply a principle from one situation to a different context is termed analogical reasoning, which is a form of logical thinking. Inductive reasoning involves generalizations based on observations, while deductive reasoning uses general rules to forecast specific outcomes. c) Analogical reasoning
Step-by-step explanation:
The ability to take a principle from one situation and appropriately apply it to a different set of circumstances is best termed analogical reasoning. This form of reasoning involves drawing connections and inferences between two separate domains based on their similarity. For example, using the principle of gravity as explained by Newton's law to predict the movement of a new planetary body in a different solar system involves analogical reasoning.
Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is the process of reasoning from specific instances to generalities or from generalizations to specific instances. Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, uses general principles or laws to forecast specific outcomes.
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called a heuristic, whereas an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.