Final answer:
Intellectual stimulation is part of transformational leadership, emphasizing creativity and problem-solving. An expressive leader, such as the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children, focuses on interpersonal relationships and emotional intelligence. Authoritarian leadership features top-down communication, distinct from the participatory nature of democratic leadership.
Step-by-step explanation:
Intellectual stimulation is a characteristic of transformational leadership. This type of leadership style is built on the premise that leaders can inspire followers to change expectations, perceptions, and motivations to work towards common goals. Within the context of transformational leadership, intellectual stimulation involves fostering creativity and encouraging critical thinking and problem solving, rather than encouraging conformity, discouraging innovation, or avoiding challenges. Thus, intellectual stimulation is about challenging the status quo and seeking innovative solutions to problems.
When considering the examples provided, an expressive leader is likely to be someone who focuses on the emotional and interpersonal aspects of group management. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children (Option c) is more likely to be an expressive leader, as this role would typically require a high level of emotional intelligence and personal attention to the well-being and emotional needs of the campers.
The leadership style most associated with top-down communication is authoritarian leadership (Option a). This style is characterized by individual control over all decisions with little input from group members. Contrastingly, democratic leadership style involves group participation and consensus-building, which is more time-consuming but also more inclusive.