Final answer:
Federal spending has grown in nominal dollars, but not as a share of GDP. A majority of federal revenue comes from personal income taxes, and education spending is higher at the state level. Statements regarding defense spending and foreign aid as proportions of federal spending are false.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question relates to the concepts of public and private security funding, addressing various aspects of governmental spending and economic growth. The statement (a) about federal spending growing substantially in recent decades is true in nominal dollars, however, this is false as a share of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). For statement (b), contrary to the claim, by world standards, the U.S. government controls a relatively small share of the U.S. economy, which makes this statement false. Looking at (c), a majority of the federal government's revenue is indeed collected through personal income taxes, thus this statement is true. Statement (d) incorrectly suggests that education spending is slightly larger at the federal level than at the state and local level, but in fact, education spending is much higher at the state level, making this false.
Moving onto statement (e), this is false because state and local government spending, as a share of GDP, is up about 50 percent. For (f), defense spending is not higher now than ever either in real dollars or as a share of GDP, so this is also false. Lastly, the notion in statement (h) that foreign aid is a large portion of federal spending is false; it actually comprises a very small percentage of the federal budget.
Additionally, the Panic of 1819 decreased rather than increased the American people's faith in the Second Bank of the United States, making that statement false, and the market revolution indeed brought many social and economic changes to the United States, which makes that statement true.