Final answer:
c) Schachter and Singer
The cognitive appraisal theory of emotions is most associated with Schachter and Singer, who developed the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory. This theory emphasizes the roles of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal in the experience of emotions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The names most associated with the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions are Schachter and Singer. Their work led to the development of the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, also known as the two-factor theory.
This theory posits that physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of a situation are both necessary for an emotion to be experienced. According to this theory, similar physiological responses can result in different emotions depending on the cognitive label we apply to the situation.
By contrast, the James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are a result of physiological arousal alone, while the Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously but independently.
The cognitive appraisal aspect of emotional response is not central to these theories as it is in Schachter and Singer's. The Darwinian theory largely focuses on the evolutionary basis of emotions and their expression, which is also distinct from cognitive appraisal.