Final answer:
G-protein receptor activation and cAMP secondary signal transduction involve ligand binding, activation of G proteins, stimulation of adenylate cyclase, cAMP production, activation of protein kinases through phosphorylation, and mediating changes in cellular processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The steps involved in G-protein receptor activation and cAMP secondary signal transduction are as follows:
- Ligand binding activates G proteins.
- The activated G-proteins stimulate the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
- Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.
- cAMP acts as a second messenger and activates protein kinases.
- The protein kinases transfer a phosphate group from ATP to substrate molecules through phosphorylation.
- The phosphorylated substrate molecules undergo structural changes and become activated.
- These activated molecules mediate changes in cellular processes and downstream cellular responses.