Question

Describe the steps involved in G-protein receptor activation and cAMP secondary signal transduction

A) Ligand binding activates G proteins, leading to cAMP production and downstream cellular responses
B) G proteins directly stimulate adenylate cyclase, resulting in cAMP degradation
C) G-protein activation inhibits cAMP synthesis and downstream signaling
D) cAMP inhibits G-protein activity, preventing cellular responses

Answer 1

G-protein receptor activation and cAMP secondary signal transduction involve ligand binding, activation of G proteins, stimulation of adenylate cyclase, cAMP production, activation of protein kinases through phosphorylation, and mediating changes in cellular processes.

Step-by-step explanation:

The steps involved in G-protein receptor activation and cAMP secondary signal transduction are as follows:

1. Ligand binding activates G proteins.
2. The activated G-proteins stimulate the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
3. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.
4. cAMP acts as a second messenger and activates protein kinases.
5. The protein kinases transfer a phosphate group from ATP to substrate molecules through phosphorylation.
6. The phosphorylated substrate molecules undergo structural changes and become activated.
7. These activated molecules mediate changes in cellular processes and downstream cellular responses.