Final answer:
The correct answer is Puromycin, which binds to the ribosome's A-site and causes premature termination of protein synthesis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The antibiotic that mimics the structure of aminoacyl-tRNA and prevents chain elongation by binding at the A site of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes, accepting the peptide chain from the P site and terminating protein synthesis, is identified as Puromycin. Puromycin binds to the A-site of the ribosome, similarly to how an aminoacyl-tRNA would, and subsequently leads to premature chain termination. Other antibiotics such as Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol act differently on the ribosome; Tetracycline blocks the A-site to prevent tRNA binding thus inhibiting protein synthesis mainly in bacteria, while Chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transferase activity in prokaryotes, affecting the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
The antibiotic that mimics the structure of aminoacyl-tRNA and prevents chain elongation, binds at the A site, accepts the peptide chain from the P site, and terminates protein synthesis is Puromycin.
Puromycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to the A site on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. It resembles the aminoacyl-tRNA molecule and when incorporated into the growing peptide chain, it causes premature termination of protein synthesis.