Final answer:
Lombroso's methodology is criticized for lacking scientific controls, making the assertion A. True. Controls are essential in research to confirm cause-and-effect relationships. The transition from theory to law is not time-based but determined by the nature of the scientific principles involved.
Step-by-step explanation:
Lombroso's methodology has indeed been criticized for a lack of controls. These criticisms arise because Lombroso, who was a 19th-century criminologist, made assertions about criminality being inherited and criminals having distinct physical characteristics without adequate scientific controls to support his conclusions. This lack of rigor in methodology means the answer to whether Lombroso's methodology has been criticized due to a lack of controls is A. True. Lombroso's work is an example of what can happen in the scientific community when scientific methods are not applied strictly, before the modern advancements in research methodology standards.
Experimental controls are crucial for scientific research because they help to isolate the variables being tested and ensure that the results are due to the factors being studied. This is exemplified by statement e. Bacteria in the oysters may have caused the illness, which suggests the importance of identifying and controlling potential variables. Controls enable researchers to make more accurate cause-and-effect claims.
In terms of scientific theory and law, the statement that 'When a theory has been known for a long time, it becomes a law', is B. False. The distinction between scientific theories and laws is based not on the duration a theory has existed, but on its descriptive versus explanatory nature, with laws describing natural phenomena and theories providing explanations for them.