Final answer:
The United States ended the Reciprocity Treaty in 1880. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was targeted specifically against Chinese immigrants. By the late 19th century, Japan was politically responding to European colonization, asserting itself as an emerging power.
Step-by-step explanation:
The United States ended the Reciprocity Treaty in 1880 (D). The treaty, initially signed with the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1875, allowed for free trade between the two nations without tariffs, primarily focusing on sugar and other agricultural products from Hawaii and industrial goods from the U.S. However, this agreement was terminated five years later. Regarding the transformative forces between 1865 and 1890, it was during the late 19th century that the United States began to look outward, influenced by economic interests, nationalism, and the belief in America's manifest destiny.
In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, which prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers (C). This act was the first and only major federal legislation to explicitly suspend immigration for a specific nationality.
By the end of the nineteenth century, Japan had adopted a primarily political response to European colonization, shifting from isolation to rapid modernization and becoming an imperial power itself. The question on why the United States showed limited interest in overseas expansion in the 1860s and 1870s reveals a period where there was focus on domestic issues and internal development rather than overseas adventures.