Final answer:
Population problems related to 'output' include strains on resources due to population growth, economic challenges from an aging population, decline in the workforce from falling birth rates, and the need for government policies to ensure sustainable population growth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The current concerns associated with 'population' as a problem of 'output' revolve around several key issues. Population growth presents a significant strain on available resources, as the growing number of individuals drives up demand for food, water, and other necessities. This has given rise to fears of a 'Malthusian catastrophe', where population growth outstrips resource production leading to dire consequences such as famine, disease, and conflict.
An aging population poses economic challenges, as an increased number of elderly individuals means a smaller workforce and potentially greater healthcare and social security demands. Conversely, declining birth rates can lead to a shrinking workforce and potential economic stagnation, as seen in some developed countries. Finally, government policies are critical in promoting sustainable population growth, as they can incentivize or discourage certain family sizes and impact immigration and emigration patterns.