Final answer:
Roy was mainly working due to negative reinforcement, which in operant conditioning refers to the increase of behavior by removing an unpleasant condition. He aimed to avoid the negatives of not having an income, thus his behavior was motivated by the desire to remove this negative state.
Step-by-step explanation:
Roy was working mainly because of negative reinforcement. In the context of operant conditioning, the term 'negative' refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. Roy's motivation to go to work stems from his desire to avoid the negative consequences of not having an income, rather than from a positive desire to go to work.
Therefore, he is motivated by negative reinforcement because going to work removes the negative condition of not having money. Operant conditioning is a learning process by which the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
It encompasses both reinforcement and punishment. However, in this context, positive reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement, and continuous reinforcement do not apply since Roy is not driven by a positive add-on, nor is the reinforcement based on time or frequency, but rather the removal of a negative state. Therefore, option (a) is the most accurate answer.