Final answer:
The premise that higher-level needs can emerge before lower-level needs are met is part of the ERG theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept that higher-level needs can emerge before lower-level needs are satisfied is associated with the ERG theory, not with Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The ERG theory, proposed by Clayton Alderfer, modifies Maslow's theory by suggesting that more than one need may motivate at the same time and that if a higher-level need is frustrated, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need can increase. Answer choice (a) is incorrect because Maslow's theory posits that one must generally satisfy lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs. Choices (c) Process theory, (d) Expectancy theory, and (e) Valence theory are not directly related to the order in which needs emerge. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is (b) ERG theory.