Final answer:
The medical condition described by reduced GFR, polyuria, metabolic acidosis, and proteinuria is Diabetes mellitus, which can lead to diabetic nephropathy and kidney malfunction.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question pertains to the identification of a medical condition based on certain symptoms: reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), polyuria, metabolic acidosis, and proteinuria. The correct answer to this question is a) Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is known for causing diabetic nephropathy, a progressive kidney disease characterized by damage to the glomerular capillaries due to high blood glucose levels leading to various malfunctions including reduced GFR and proteinuria. Excessive urination or polyuria is a classic symptom of diabetes, and metabolic acidosis can also be associated with diabetes due to the body's inability to use glucose properly, which leads to the breakdown of fats for energy, producing ketones as by-products that lower the pH of the blood.