Final answer:
The claim that a default constructor of the base class is always executed first when a derived class's constructor is called is false. Likewise, the statement that a theory becomes a law over time is also false as they represent different forms of scientific understanding.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement is False. When any constructor of a derived class is called, it does not always execute the default constructor of the base class first. A derived class's constructor can specify which base class constructor should be executed through an initialization list. If no base class constructor is explicitly called in the derived class's initialization list, then the default constructor of the base class is called automatically. However, if the base class doesn't have a default constructor, or if the derived class constructor explicitly calls a parameterized constructor of the base class, then the specified base class constructor will be used instead.
Additionally, the statement 'When a theory has been known for a long time, it becomes a law' is also False. A scientific theory does not become a scientific law over time. Scientific laws and theories are different kinds of knowledge and one does not become the other. A law describes what happens under certain conditions, typically expressed mathematically, while a theory explains how or why something happens, often with a broader scope of application.