Final answer:
The correct answer is b. Network model, which fits the description of a database model with a network structure designed by Bachman.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question pertains to a database model designed by Bachman who won the Turing Award at age 49 in 1973. Considering the characteristics - data organized into a network structure using records and links, navigational and procedural operations, and the ability to traverse both downwards and upwards in the network - the correct answer is b. Network model. The network model allows for a versatile way of representing objects and their relationships, where each record is a node and each link is a pointer that can connect records in many different ways, providing a complex system of data organization.
In the context of broader technological revolution, networks have been critical in enabling the data structures that we use today. Examples of early pioneering work in networking include the ARPANET, which eventually led to the development of internet protocols, and IBM's SABRE, a precursor to the complex networks used in commerce and communications.