Final answer:
The answer to the Internet-based conflict that involves the penetration of information systems of other nations is 'A. Cyber warfare.' This modern warfare strategy is part of hybrid warfare and can destabilize political and societal structures
Step-by-step explanation:
The term used to describe Internet-based conflict that involves the penetration of information systems of other nations is A. Cyber warfare. Cyber warfare is a component of hybrid warfare, which includes various other forms of conflict, such as political, conventional, irregular, and cyber operations. Governments and militant groups now harness cyberspace as a domain for warfare by hacking into information systems, stealing intelligence, causing communication disruptions, or spreading disinformation to gain advantage over their adversaries.
In modern conflicts like the one between Russia and Ukraine, indirect methods such as cyberattacks play a pivotal role alongside conventional military operations on the battlefield. These attacks can range from infiltrating strategic networks to conducting electronic espionage and spreading media disinformation.
On a broader scale, cyber warfare takes the concept of total warfare a step further, presenting challenges not only to military targets but also having the potential to destabilize a nation's societal and political structures. As technology continues to advance, the implications of cyber warfare are expected to become even more significant, potentially shifting the paradigm of combat operations and international security.