Question

Johnson-Laird claims that people solve deductive reasoning problems using mental models. He lists three steps for how this mental model-based reasoning is done. List the steps

a) Representation, manipulation, and evaluation
b) Encoding, retrieval, and application
c) Observation, inference, and deduction
d) Assumption, prediction, and confirmation

Answer 1

Johnson-Laird's model of deductive reasoning consists of three steps: representation, manipulation, and evaluation. These steps outline how individuals use mental models to solve reasoning problems.

Step-by-step explanation:

According to Johnson-Laird, people solve deductive reasoning problems using mental models. He proposed a three-step process for this mental model-based reasoning, which includes the following steps: a) Representation, manipulation, and evaluation. First, individuals represent the situation described in the problem. Next, they manipulate this mental model to consider different possibilities. Finally, they evaluate the models to come to a conclusion. This framework illustrates the cognitive process of transitioning from specific premises to general conclusions within the realm of science, particularly when integrating both inductive and deductive reasoning in advancing scientific knowledge.