Final answer:
Explicit or declarative memory holds both Semantic and Episodic memory. Semantic memory includes factual, language-based knowledge, whereas Episodic memory involves personal experiences or events. Option b and c is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Explicit or declarative memory holds memory of facts and events that individuals have directly experienced. This type of long-term memory includes both b) Semantic memory and c) Episodic memory.
Semantic memory consists of knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. Meanwhile, episodic memory is a part of declarative memory that includes information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory.
On the other hand, a) Procedural memory and d) Implicit memory fall under the category of implicit memory, where information is acquired and used unconsciously and can affect thoughts and behaviors. Procedural memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, such as riding a bike or driving a car.
Implicit memory is not consciously recalled and is often not verbalizable. Therefore, the correct answer to which type of memory explicit or declarative memory holds is both b) Semantic memory and c) Episodic memory.