Final Answer:
Voluntarism, as associated with W. Wundt (1832-1920), is The study of voluntary human actions and experiences.
Thus the correct option is (A).
Step-by-step explanation:
Wilhelm Wundt, a pioneering figure in the field of psychology, founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Voluntarism, as conceived by Wundt, focused on the study of voluntary human actions and experiences. Wundt was interested in understanding the elements of conscious experience and how individuals actively engage with and control their mental processes. This approach marked a departure from earlier structuralist perspectives and laid the foundation for the development of experimental psychology.
In Wundt's voluntarism, the emphasis was on the examination of the conscious will and intentional actions. Wundt believed that by studying voluntary actions, researchers could gain insights into the fundamental components of the human mind. This approach involved experimental methods and introspection, where individuals reported their conscious thoughts and experiences. Voluntarism, therefore, encompassed the exploration of the willful and purposeful aspects of human psychology.
Wundt's work paved the way for the establishment of psychology as a scientific discipline, and his emphasis on voluntarism contributed to the evolution of psychological theories and methods. While later schools of thought diverged from voluntarism, Wundt's legacy endures in the foundational principles he laid out for the systematic study of human consciousness and behavior.
Thus the correct option is (A).