Final answer:
Louis the German, Charles the Fat, Arnulf of Carinthia were historical figures from the Carolingian Empire, which was founded by Charlemagne in an effort to revive Roman traditions and unite Western Europe. Their reigns were marked by challenges in maintaining unity, influencing the concept of the Holy Roman Empire.
Step-by-step explanation:
Louis the German, Charles the Fat, Arnulf of Carinthia were historical figures associated with the history of the Carolingian Empire. This empire was founded by Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, who sought to revive the Roman traditions and unite Western Europe under his rule. The empire saw its division in the year 843, leading to the end of a consolidated rule. However, the concept of the Holy Roman Empire would continue, influencing political structures until 1806. Notable for the Carolingian Renaissance, Charlemagne's empire fostered advancements in governance, law, architecture, and the arts.
After Charlemagne's death, his successors, including Louis the Pious and eventually Louis the German and Charles the Fat, faced challenges in maintaining a united empire due to the Frankish succession law and external pressures. Arnulf of Carinthia was another prominent figure who ruled as King of East Francia and later Emperor of the Carolingian Empire, until the decline of Carolingian power gave rise to the Ottonian dynasty and the transformed idea of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Carolingian rulers' alliance with the popes and their independent stance from the Byzantine Empire were significant in their desire to conquer new territory and revive the Roman imperial legacy. Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor of the Romans in 800 set a precedent for cooperation and conflict between the papacy and emperors, shaping the political and religious landscape of medieval Europe.